Comic Books - Illustration History for Beginners
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The field of studies increased rapidly, with various books on the subject appearing in the 1990s. Official theories of have concentrated on establishing a "manga expression theory", with emphasis on spatial relationships in the structure of images on the page, identifying the medium from film or literature, in which the flow of time is the standard organizing element.

The publication of Frederik L. Schodt's in 1983 resulted in the spread of usage of the word manga outside Japan to suggest "Japanese comics" or "Japanese-style comics". Coulton Waugh attempted the initially comprehensive history of American comics with The Comics (1947 ). https://www.skymanhua.com (1985) and Scott Mc, Cloud's (1993) were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics.

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Prominent American efforts at definitions of comics consist of Eisner's, Mc, Cloud's, and Harvey's. Eisner described what he called "sequential art" as "the plan of photos or images and words to narrate a story or dramatize a concept"; Scott Mc, Cloud specified comics as "juxtaposed pictorial and other images in intentional series, planned to convey information and/or to produce an aesthetic response in the viewer", a strictly official definition which removed comics from its historic and cultural features.

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Harvey specified comics as "pictorial stories or expositions in which words (typically lettered into the photo area within speech balloons) typically add to the significance of the photos and vice versa". Each definition has had its detractors. Harvey saw Mc, Cloud's meaning as omitting single-panel animations, and challenged Mc, Cloud's de-emphasizing spoken components, firmly insisting "the necessary quality of comics is the incorporation of verbal content".